Una teoría económica favorable al derecho al trabajo

Se argumenta que la corriente económica dominante constituye uno de los principales factores por los que el derecho humano al trabajo, reconocido en 1966 por la comunidad internacional, parece no haberse tomado en serio. En el discurso dominante el trabajo es un costo; el empleo, un objetivo de segunda categoría; las personas, recursos con especificaciones productivas, y los derechos, rigideces. Una economía política basada en los derechos humanos que pretenda asegurar el derecho al trabajo debe interpretarlo más allá de la mera lucha contra el desempleo, entender el pleno empleo como un fin en sí mismo y situar al individuo en el centro de su razón de ser.     

The Demand for Assets and Optimal Monetary Aggregation

This paper uses a highly disaggregated demand system to estimate the degree of substitutability among monetary assets and to address the issue of optimal monetary aggregation in the United States. We address the problems of dimensionality and nonlinearity, estimating a very detailed monetary asset demand system encompassing the full range of assets based on the locally flexible normalized quadratic expenditure function. We treat the concavity property as a maintained hypothesis and provide evidence consistent with neoclassical microeconomic theory. Statistical tests reject the appropriateness of the aggregation assumptions for all the money measures published by the Federal Reserve as well as for a large number of groupings suggested by earlier studies. This supports and reinforces Barnett's (2016) assertion that we should employ the broadest M4 monetary aggregate published by the Center for Financial Stability.     

基于节地原则的城镇低效工业用地宗地评价 ——以江苏省泰州市海陵区为例

研究目的:在节地原则和城镇低效建设用地评价及相关研究的基础上,探寻微观尺度的低效工业用地宗地评价方法,为地方政府分阶段管理低效工业用地提供依据。研究方法:以目标值法对数据进行无量纲处理、AHP层次分析法与熵值法各占50%的主客观结合法计算权重、综合评价法进行宗地评价值计算、统计误差"3σ"法则将用地级别分为低效用地、一般利用、高效利用、极优利用4个区间。研究结果:评价得分均值和高效宗地占比最高的均为金属制品业,低效用地占比最高的是运输设备制造业,一般利用地块较多的是专用设备制造业,4类行业评价结果的分布特征均属于偏态型直方图,数量较多的宗地偏向低分区域,4类行业的低效用地分布特征相对零散,但运输设备制造业低效地块集中在城东街道。研究结论:尽快建立工业用地宗地层面的基础数据库,形成宏观、中观、微观层次齐备的评价体系,并依据宗地层面的行业均值和标准差进行指标管控的调整,加强"空间换地",摆脱产业低端困境,倒逼企业加快转型升级,是推进城镇工业低效用地再开发的有效途径。     

Linear Parks and the Political Ecologies of Permeability: Environmental displacement in São Paulo,Brazil

This article considers the politics of resettlement within ongoing efforts to construct the Tietê River Valley Park (Parque Várzeas do Tietê), a linear park that upon completion will be the largest linear park in the world. Located in the eastern periphery of São Paulo, Brazil, the proposed project uses riverbank naturalization to dampen floodpeaks and bring green space to underserved populations. Due to the presence of low‐income neighborhoods on the river's edge, however, the project calls for the removal of roughly 40,000 people. Drawing from urban political ecology and contemporary concerns about environmentally induced displacement, I consider the conflicts over resettlement that mark the project. I analyze the project itself and situate it within a regional context defined by autoconstruction, regularized flooding, and insecure tenure. I argue that despite claims that the project will yield less risky lives for displaced residents, the form through which the project is being developed actually puts displaced residents in heightened situations of risk. I consider how communities have organized to resist displacement, and call for an approach to governance in peripheral landscapes that takes seriously the histories of collective infrastructural provisioning and autoconstructed housing that have marked them for decades.     

Coastal Urban Planning in The ‘Green Republic’: Tourism Development and the Nature–Infrastructure Paradox in Costa Rica

This article examines coastal urban planning in Costa Rica vis‐à‐vis the country's values in the areas of sustainable tourism and community development, focusing on the city of Jacó. I argue that an anti‐urban tourism development strategy, swift coastal urban development and weak planning have nurtured a nature–infrastructure paradox: when people are brought closer to nature without proper urban and governmental infrastructure, this causes social and environmental damage. To assess this paradox and understand local perceptions of development, I analyzed lengthy semi‐structured interviews and survey responses in San José and Jacó in this study. Research methods also encompassed analysis of current tourism planning institutions and regulations, tourism media coverage and reports, real estate data, participant observation of planning and community meetings and activities, and observations of the built and natural environmental conditions in Jacó and its surroundings. The findings show jurisdictional fragmentation, regulatory weaknesses, complexity, poor coordination, slow action, and incoherent planning and development, leading to environmental degradation and socio‐spatial inequities. A more balanced approach to planning and development would seek to improve environmental health and socio‐spatial equity in tandem, by nurturing and advancing both nature and infrastructure development. Lessons from Jacó have global resonance, given the expansion of the worldwide tourism and second‐home/retirement‐housing industries, their recent concentration in urban coastal destinations of developing countries, and the fragility of these socio‐ecological systems.     

Mandatory spending,political polarization,and macroeconomic volatility

This paper studies the impact of political polarization on macroeconomic volatility in a political economy model of optimal fiscal policy. I introduce the distinction between mandatory and discretionary public spending in a model where consumers disagree on the size of the public sector. In the presence of political turnover and political polarization, public policies that affect individual decision-making lead to macroeconomic volatility. I show that the legislative requirements behind the changes in mandatory public spending can reduce macroeconomic volatility caused by political polarization and political turnover. The numerical simulations of the model suggest that in the presence of a binding constraint on the changes in mandatory spending, an increase in the political polarization is associated with an increase in the share of mandatory spending and a decrease in the macroeconomic volatility, consistent with the U.S. data.     

Do Households Prefer Small School Districts? A Natural Experiment

Some education reformers have proposed breaking up large urban school districts, thereby moving to a more efficient scale, increasing school choices, and promoting school competition. This article tests whether households expect these effects and whether they value them. It considers the effect on real estate prices of the surprise breakup of the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) into 11 minidistricts in April 2000. We estimate households' reaction to this reform in a difference‐in‐differences setting that controls for any unobserved spatial effects unaffected by the announcement. We find that households valued this decentralization, with a 2–3 percentage point increase in housing values in the LAUSD area over pre‐existing trends, compared with control districts. The effect is highest in wealthier neighborhoods but otherwise homogenous within the LAUSD area. The results suggest that households believe that decentralization would make schools more effective and that they respond to signals about schools' future.     

Broadband and local growth

I find a positive relationship between broadband expansion and local economic growth. This relationship is stronger in industries that rely more on information technology and in areas with lower population densities. Instrumenting for broadband expansion with slope of terrain leans in the direction of a causal relationship, though not definitively.The economic benefits of broadband expansion for local residents appear to be limited. Broadband expansion is associated with population growth as well as employment growth, and both the average wage and the employment rate—the share of working-age adults that is employed—are unaffected by broadband expansion. Furthermore, expanding broadband availability does not change the prevalence of telecommuting or other home-based work. Like other place-based policies, expanding broadband availability could raise property values and the local tax base, but without more direct benefits for residents in the form of higher wages or improved access to jobs.The analysis relies on the uneven diffusion of broadband throughout the United States, allowing comparisons between areas with greater and less growth in broadband availability. I combine broadband data from the Federal Communications Commission, employment data from the National Establishment Time-Series database, and other economic data from the US Census and BLS to examine broadband availability and economic activity in the US between 1999 and 2006.     

A Welfare‐Based Approach to Aggregating Growth Rates across Countries*

Aggregating per capita gross domestic product growth across countries has always been a technical problem because of the complexities in the relative movements of exchange rates, economic output and populations. As such, the conventional approach to aggregating growth across countries suffers from sensitivity to exchange rates, as well as from the possibility of aggregate growth rates not being convex combinations of individual growth rates. This article introduces a new methodology in aggregating per capita growth rates that does not suffer from the drawbacks of the conventional approach. Using a welfare‐based approach, it is shown that the proposed methodology is robust w.r.t. exchange rates and generates weights that always add up to unity, thus avoiding the anomalies that are inherent in the conventional approach. The methodology proposed in the article is applied to calculate aggregate growth rates of 33 developing member countries as well as five regional groupings, and the results are compared with those arising from the conventional approach. A number of insights arise that were previously hidden or inaccessible.     

无线校园网下的无限艺术教育——吉林艺术学院网络发展展望

近几年来,无线校园网络的建设浪潮在全球迅速蔓延：美国、日本、新加坡等国家纷纷建立起无线校园网络环境。我国的无线校园网络建设也在教育部、信息产业部等相关部门的领导下紧跟国际步伐。为了更好的发挥校园网络教学、科研、办公三网一体的服务功能,在学院领导＂适度超前、特色创新＂的网络建设意识下,根据当前国内无线校园网络发展趋势,结合本单位校区分散、且公共上网条件相对紧张等实际情况,提出了学院无线网与现有有线网结合共同创造无限的艺术教育网络空间的展望设想。